Learning Management System upgrading to Moodle 3.4

The Learning Management System, Moodle will be upgraded over the course of the week of August 20th. Courses on this site will be unavailable on August 23rd from 7 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. MDT.

We encourage you to visit the Moodle 3.4 Orientation for Students, and to check the System Status Page for status monitoring.

    Courses


    Available courses

    This three-credit, junior-level anthropology course, which has a strong interdisciplinary focus, is designed to provide you with an extensive overview of the theories, methods, and practice of archaeology. It examines the nature and aims of archaeology; the methods and material remains used to reconstruct the past; the economic, social, political, and ideological systems of human experience; the biology of people of the past; the causes of culture change; and the place of archaeology in our contemporary world.

    ANTH 275 focuses on the cross-cultural study of human diversity. Study topics include patterns of social organization, the family, economics, politics, religion, the arts, and language.

    ANTH 277: The Archaeology of Ancient Peoples is an introductory-level anthropology course on world prehistory from the time of the earliest humans to the development of the first states and civilizations.

    This course is designed to provide the student with a general understanding of Inuit adaptations to the Arctic through time. While the course discusses some regional cultural adaptations the primary focus is on the Canadian Inuit.

    Anthropology 310: Primate Behaviour is a three-credit, intermediate-level course that provides a general introduction to primate behaviour, with an emphasis on the insights derived from field studies.

    This course is designed to provide you with an understanding of the early cities, states, kingdoms, and empires that developed in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas beginning about 5,000 years ago.

    The purpose of this course is to introduce you to the study of cities and civilizations and their development from the earliest civilizations to the great states of the Near East, the Mediterranean World, Northeast Africa and Asia, and the Americas.

    What is ecological anthropology? All human societies exist somewhere; that is, they are located in environments. The interaction between the nature of the environment in which people live, and their cultural knowledge and the organization of their societies, is the area of interest of ecological anthropology. Ecological anthropology examines relationships between cultural practices and understandings, social institutions and the characteristics of the environment in shaping human ways of life, drawing on concepts from biological ecology, and on anthropological framing of cultural and social realms. How does the nature of the local environment shape local culture and society? How do cultural notions and social organization impact and shape local environments?

    Anthropology 336: Evolutionary Anthropology is a three-credit, intermediate-level course that provides a general introduction to various topics related to the evolution of human adaptations, including various human behaviours.

    ANTH 354 introduces students to linguistic anthropology, one of four subfields of anthropology.

    This course introduces you to an important subfield of anthropology—anthropological linguistics.

    This course explores gender as it affects anthropological research conducted by male and female ethnographers, primatologists, physical anthropologists and evolutionary biologists. Next, we consider various topics that expose the constructed nature of gender, and discuss the contexts within which gender is built, acted out and changed. We end the course with a discussion of gender in the context of globalization.

    This course is designed to provide you with an understanding of the precontact cultures of North America, from the first peopling of the continent to the arrival of Europeans. The course has three major objectives: to foster an appreciation for the dynamic field of North American archaeology, particularly the gathering of information and interpretation of past cultures; to furnish an understanding of the general historical sequence of North America’s past and an appreciation for the diversity of the peoples and cultures that thrived here; and to provide the ability to evaluate the ways in which contemporary archaeologists consider and communicate with other stakeholders in North America’s past.

    Anthroplogy 378: Human Sexualities explores the diversity of expressions of human sexuality within the framework of the discipline of Anthropology.

    Anthropology 384 looks at the family from an international and cross-cultural perspective.

    Anthropology 390: Community-Based Research Methods introduces the basic concepts, principles, and issues surrounding community-based research methods. Prerequisites: ANTH 275, or an introductory sociology or indigenous studies course, or permission from the faculty.

    ANTH 394 is designed to provide you with an extensive overview of urban settlements, from their first appearance some 5000 years ago, to contemporary cities in the developing and developed world. As you proceed through the course, you will gain a comprehensive knowledge of the development of cities, their physical structures, the diversity of urban groups, and various urban social issues. You will also gain an understanding of the theoretical and methodological approaches taken not only by anthropologists, but also by geographers, sociologists, political economists, and social psychologists as they study cities and city life. Anthropology 394 is best described as having an interdisciplinary approach, but with a strong anthropological focus.

    In this course we will review approaches to ethnography, read a series of ethnographies, consider ethics and contemporary issues in ethnography, and gain a sense of present and future directions and significance of ethnography.

    In Anth 402: Ethnographic Research Methods, we will review approaches to ethnographic research, review methodology appropriate for ethnographic research, and gain practice in designing an ethnographic research project and in field methods.

    The process set out in this Study Guide for preparing and submitting a research project is intended for projects that are entirely or primarily library-based. And even if your project includes some field-based research, you will still be required to consult some library materials. 

    ANTH 407 provides students with an opportunity to investigate problems or issues in greater depth than is normally possible in an introductory course. For example, a student who has taken an introductory course on Arctic or African ethnology may wish to study a specific problem such as kinship, ritual, or cultural ecology of the peoples of that region. Both the regional and theoretical focus of the course are issues that students discuss with the course professor before being allowed to register in ANTH 407.

    ANTH 434: The History of Anthropological Thought, is a senior-level course that examines the range of responses to the fact of human diversity through the ages, with emphasis on Modern and Postmodern anthropology.

    ANTH 436: Topics in Primate Cognition. The close behavioural and genetic affinities that we share with nonhuman primates makes it easy to assume that they “think just like us,” and that they “see” the world in the same manner as do humans using similar (if perhaps less-developed) intellectual abilities, thought processes, and mental representations. But is this really the case? This course explores this question more deeply, and further asks whether primate cognition is truly unique among other animals.

    Anthroplogy 476: Archaeological Theory is designed to provide you with an understanding of the historical development of the theoretical aspects of the discipline, as well as provide an introduction to current theoretical trends taking place within the field of anthropological archaeology.

    Ethnobiology can be conceived of as the study of the cultural knowledge of living things and the environment.

    Anthropology 499: Medical Anthropology critically examines the evolution and geographical distribution of disease and the ways in which people’s medical beliefs and practices are consciously directed at alleviating it and promoting health.

    Anthropology 499: Medical Anthropology critically examines the evolution and geographical distribution of disease and the ways in which people’s medical beliefs and practices are consciously directed at alleviating it and promoting health.

    This course takes as its organizing metaphor Raymond Williams’s remark that “culture is ordinary.” It will provide an introduction to cultural studies by exploring, reflecting on, and evaluating how, on a daily basis, we are immersed in culture.

    You will learn about the history and origins of cultural studies, analyse and discuss some of the key theoretical debates around what constitutes cultural studies, and review examples of the approaches that continue to shape and reshape the ever-expanding boundaries of the field. You will also be given the opportunity to apply this knowledge by producing an analysis of a cultural text or practice—in short, to actually do cultural studies yourself.

    This course considers the legacies and prevailing tendencies in cultural studies, while also analyzing cultural forms, practices, and institutions in relation to cultural studies’ interest in cultivating work that contributes to creating democratic possibilities and alternative futures.

    EDUC 201 is an introductory level, three-credit course that provides those interested in becoming teachers with a general and balanced overview of the profession. The purpose of this course is to give prospective teachers a better sense of the reality of classroom teaching by looking more closely at what teachers actually do and how they do it.

    This senior-level, three-credit course will provide undergraduates in educational studies with an overview of adult learning and education from the sixteenth to the twentieth century.

    This course is designed to introduce you to an analysis of the development of Canadian education that takes account of historical, social, cultural, and philosophical influences. The course will help you develop an understanding of the origins of the Canadian public education system and demonstrate the historical roots of many contemporary education debates.

    This course begins with an examination of the contending views and interests in contemporary public education. It explores the alternatives to mainstream public schooling and considers the problems of teaching in a pluralist society, particularly one based on concepts of multiculturalism and equality.

    The overall intent of this course is to spur deep critical reflection on two broad concepts: culture, and the complexities and ramifications of schooling's socialization/enculturation function in contemporary Canada's multicultural society-specifically, the feasibility of schooling's libratory ideals.

    Education 309: The Purposes of Adult Education is designed to introduce the purposes and foundations of adult education. The course provides an overview of adult education theory and practice, but it is not intended as a comprehensive examination of all areas of adult education. It will, however, give you tools for examining other areas of adult education and related fields of study.

    The purpose of this course is to acquaint students with the concepts, players, and issues involved in achieving a match between the skills required by the labour market and those offered for remuneration in that same labour market.

    This course will introduce students to the theory, concepts, and practices of program planning, evaluation, and instructional methods in adult education learning contexts. Program planning is an important practical skill which must also be considered within a societal and theoretical context.

    Welcome to Education 317: Training and Development in Organizations, a three-credit, senior level introduction to human resource development. This course introduces students to human resource development, a systematic approach to providing employees with opportunities to learn the skills, knowledge, and abilities necessary for their current roles, and to prepare them for future job demands. Students will learn and practice using the concepts, designs, and tools typically employed in organizational training and development. Students will also have the opportunity to reflect on and develop a critical understanding of these practices. To get started, review the online Student Manual,and read through the Course Information. If you are new to online learning, see Moodle Orientation. When you have oriented yourself, begin Unit 1 in the Study Guide. If you have any questions about the course or how to proceed with your studies, please contact your tutor.

    This course will introduce you to some of the key understandings around work and learning. It will examine the claims made for this new area of study; it will discuss some of what we know and point to what we don't know.

    This course will introduce you to some of the key understandings around work and learning. It will examine the claims made for this new area of study; it will discuss some of what we know and point to what we don't know.

    Educ 411 is a senior-level, three-credit course which allows students, under supervision, to engage in individual research projects. Students will submit a proposal and complete a major research paper on a topic of their choice in consultation with the course professor. Enrolment in the course will be subject to the approval of the course professor.

    Educ 412 is a senior-level, three-credit course which allows students, under supervision, to engage in individual research projects. Students will submit a proposal and complete a major research paper on a topic of their choice in consultation with the course professor. Enrolment in the course will be subject to the approval of the course professor.

    The course is designed to provide you with an extensive and detailed investigation of Canadian labour and working-class history.

    This course presents an extensive and detailed investigation of Canadian labour and working–class history from 1763 to 2000.

    Workers’ compensation systems are the way Canada chooses to compensate workers for the effects of work-related injuries. This course describes and analyzes the way workers' compensation systems compensate, provide benefits, and, where possible, ‘make whole’ workers who have been injured or diseased as a consequence of their work. The course will also critically examine some of the major challenges WCBs face today, almost a hundred years after they were born.

    HRMT 386/ORGB 386 is designed to provide an introduction to the theoretical and practical aspects of human resource management (HRM) in contemporary organizations.

    This general interest course introduces students to the profession of social work, the related field of human services, and the social policy context within which they are practiced. The course explores social welfare through social work and human services lenses, including their shared values, historical foundations, and critical perspectives. Once some approaches and theories, practices, processes, and levels have been introduced, students develop a personal philosophy statement of social welfare that self-assesses their fit in these fields. In Part 2 and 3, students learn to apply their foundational learning to specific populations. At the end of Part 4, students integrate material from the entire course into their final assignment.

    As a student registered in Human Services 306, you will self-assess your educational goals and prepare to implement a personal learning plan. The course asks you to look back at the post-secondary education you have already completed and to look forward to your completion of an undergraduate degree, academic credential, or other educational goals.

    Human Service 306 Critical Reflection for Practice is a project course that students normally take following completion of two years of study at the junior level.

    This course provides an overview of the relation between human services' programs and activities as provided by practitioners and the policy making that designs the provision of human services.

    Ideology and Policy Evolution provides an overview of ideology and its influences on human services policy and on the historical evolution of North American human services policy in particular.

    As a capstone course, Human Services 489 will guide you to coordinate the many concepts, theories and approaches you have used during your studies to complete the Bachelor of Professional Arts – Human Services degree. It is intended for students who have completed, or very nearly completed, their BPA-HS degree. In addition to the breadth and depth of your knowledge of the human services and the proficiency you have developed in the general education outcomes prescribed, demonstration of your mastery of several aspects of the program content will be required.

    IDRL 215: Introduction to Labour Relations is an introduction to the economic, legal, political, and social aspects of union-management relations, and serves as a foundation for other IDRL courses. Specifically, it looks at contemporary issues in labour relations and examines union organization and structure, labour legislation, and how collective agreements are negotiated and administered. It does so within the context of exploring the nature of employment and the key theoretical perspectives that inform the study of labour relations.

    Industrial Relations 308: Occupational Health and Safety is a three-credit, senior-level course that examines issues of worker health and safety (and life and death) within their political and economic contexts and in the workplace. Over the past three decades, the field of occupational health and safety has grown and developed, and an extensive amount scientific and technical knowledge on the subject has accumulated. Nevertheless, conflicts among practitioners and scholars, on even the most basic questions, still persist. These disagreements are driven by inherent differences in interest and power between workers and employers (or labour and capital, if you will), which together form the conditions of industrial relations. Scientific arguments often disguise the real debate, which concerns the value attached to preserving the life and health of workers in the workplace. Occupational health and safety cannot be examined without also considering the power dynamics that operate both within and around the job.

    IDRL 308 examines issues of life and death on the job within their political and economic context.

    Industrial Relations 309/ Legal Studies 310: Human Rights, the Charter and Labour Relations examines the discourse and operation of human rights in Canada. Although our focus in this course is predominantly on “what is” (i.e., how human rights presently operate), we will also consider what “could be” through reference to natural law theory and proposals for minority unionism.

    IDRL 309 / LGST 310 examines the impact that the Charter of Rights and Freedoms has had, and will continue to have, on industrial relations. The course will be of interest to those connected with the labour movement, with management, or involved in industrial relations.

    IDRL 312 is designed to explore the major issues in the theory and practice of industrial relations in Canada. It serves as a jumping-off point to explore other senior courses addressing issues of human resource management and industrial relations. There are three major themes in the course: Employment Relationships, Conflict and Accommodation, and Critical Analysis of Accommodation.

    Industrial Relations 316: The Practice of Labour Relations is a three-credit, senior-level course that builds upon the foundations introduced in IDRL 215: Introduction to Labour Relations and examines the topics of bargaining and arbitration in greater detail. It looks at both the formal rules and procedures involved in these processes as well as the informal dynamics that arise. It aims to provide a solid grounding in these two rather technical areas of labour relations. It provides insight into the practice of bargaining and arbitration by offering tips on how to navigate the processes. The course also examines how bargaining and arbitration fit into the broader context of labour relations and conflict between workers and employers.

    IDRL 320 is a senior-level introductory course that examines the legal framework of labour relations and collective agreements, introducing such topics as:

    the background and definitions of labour law
    the history and present position of the Canadian labour movement
    the role of government institutions in the shaping and administration of the law and industrial relations policy
    the sources of labour law
    the law relating to collective relations, which includes trade unions and their organizations
    the right to organize
    the collective bargaining process
    industrial conflict
    the nature and administration of collective agreements

    This course is written primarily for non-lawyer practitioners, trade unionists and their representatives, managers, employers, and employees who are involved in collective bargaining in their workplaces. It is intended for those whose work requires a detailed understanding of the law governing labour relations, including collective bargaining, as well as those who just want to further their understanding of this important area of study.

    This course explores the economies of rich countries like Canada from the perspective of working people. It follows them to labour markets, into the production process and to markets for consumer goods. The course also explores economic policies and international economic relations. Working people encounter company owners and managers in all of the aforementioned markets and institutions. The course shows the conflict of interest between these two different groups of people and concludes with a unit on the prospect of labour movements.

    This course is about workers and their organizing efforts. In other words, it is about efforts carried out in order to improve the working and living conditions of people who have to find paid employment to make a living.

    LBST 332 course explores the relationship between women and unions from a global perspective.

    LBST 332 SOCI 332 WGST 332 is about the relationship between women and unions in Canada.

    LBST 335 follows workers and workers movements from Caribbean slave plantations and Atlantic slave trade in the 18th century to today’s global production and distribution networks. After a theoretical introduction, the course explores working class formation and the organization of unions and workers parties in the 18th and 19th century. It then looks at 20th century labour in the West, the East, and the Global South. The course ends with an overview of global labour in the 21st century. Each unit of the course looks at the ways in which race and gender differentiated the global forces of labour.

    This course examines the field of labour studies and the place of working people and the labour movement in society. It provides an overview of Canadian labour history, a survey of the social organization of work, and an analysis of the role and function of trade unions.

    LBST 413 investigates the theory and practice of trade unions in contemporary capitalist societies.

    This course is an information portal for program students.

    This course is an information portal for program students.

    Political Science 350: Women in Canadian Politics introduces you to the study of women's participation in Canadian political life.

    Psychology 345: The Psychology of Women, looks at a number of topics in psychology that are of specific relevance to, and about, women. The course explores scientific findings and sexist myths about male and female differences and examines a variety of gender issues from a feminist perspective.

    Psychology 347: Introduction to Feminist Counselling is about feminist theory and the development of a feminist model of counselling. It is also about your development as a feminist and as a counsellor.

    The focus of this course is work: how it developed into its present forms; how it is organized; how individuals experience it; and the social relationships and institutional frameworks so essential for it to occur.

    WGST 200 offers the opportunity for students to begin feminist research, and it provides suggestions for assessing the research of others. A range of approaches, methodologies and methods will be examined. Students will have a chance to consider ethical dilemmas, the researcher-participant relationship and some of the problems associated with feminist collaboration in research projects. Students will go through the research process step by step, defining their research question, choosing their methods and then conducting their own study.

    This course offers the opportunity for you to begin feminist research and provides guidance for assessing the research of others.

    Women's and Gender Studies 266: Thinking from Women's Lives—An Introduction to Women's Studies (WGST 266) sets out to clarify exactly what feminism is.

    Women's Studies 266 provides an overview of the history of feminism in a Western context, a look at the major theories used by feminist scholars, and an examination of feminism’s association with the Women’s Movement.

    WGST 301 aims to provide students with a deeper understanding of the workings of gender in contemporary North American society. It will begin by challenging the notion that gender roles are dualistic, fixed, and rooted in biology. This will entail familiarizing students with social constructionist theories of “doing” gender and postmodern theories of gender as a performance. Both feminine and masculine identities and representations will be studied. The course will also examine gender and disability as well as queer and transgender sexualities.

    WGST 301 aims to provide students with a deeper understanding of the workings of gender in contemporary North American society. It will begin by challenging the notion that gender roles are dualistic, fixed, and rooted in biology. This will entail familiarizing students with social constructionist theories of “doing” gender and postmodern theories of gender as a performance. Both feminine and masculine identities and representations will be studied. The course will also examine gender and disability as well as queer and transgender sexualities.

    This course explores a number of topics on the subject of communication and encourages you to examine your own style of communication and to increase your personal self-awareness.

    Welcome to WGST 303: Issues in Women's Health. Your work in this course should help you to better understand issues such as gender and the politics of health care, women's reproductive health and health care; special issues in women's health (cancer, violence, and aging); and women's health and the global environment.

    This course looks at a variety of topics related to Aboriginal women's health and wellness, with a sustained focus on a holistic Aboriginal world view.

    This course will engage you in issues and practices critical to working with First Nation, Métis, and Inuit women in culturally appropriate ways that promote principles of human dignity, decolonization, and self-sovereignty.

    The course examines an empowerment model of counselling women and its application to crisis intervention and counselling women. The emphasis is on skill development, building upon the theoretical foundation laid in WGST 302.

    WGST 333 examines the evolution, fragmentation and recreation of spiritual traditions, myths and legends associated with the goddess. The course explores the symbolic significance of female divinity and the impact of its loss on all aspects of Western culture. By critically reflecting on how spiritual symbols have been used historically to empower and disempower women, the course draws connections between the sacred legacy of the goddess and women's relationship to the contemporary environmental movement.

    This course examines the changing nature and patterns of women’s work in Canada, the meaning work has for women, and the value of women’s work to society. A central concern of the course is the extent to which work contributes to equality and disadvantage for women. It also considers how significantly gender shapes a common experience of work, and the extent to which women’s working lives differ depending upon other social factors such as class, age, and race.

    This three-credit, senior-level course explores the changing nature of the work—paid and unpaid—done by women in Canada. Studying work from both historical and contemporary perspectives allows us to identify accomplishments and setbacks, measure progress, and pinpoint areas where further change is needed. Although this course focuses on women in Canada, increasing world globalization requires that we compare women's work in Canada with that of other countries.

    If you walked into a computer science or engineering classroom at any Canadian university in 1978, you would expect the majority of students to be male. If you did the same today, you would be confronted by a similar gender imbalance. Why do women continue to be underrepresented in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math (STEM)? Why do those women who begin studies in STEM switch out at faster rates than their male counterparts? Why do more female than male STEM professionals switch career pathways or careers? Do you think that science and technology are gender neutral subjects or are they shaped by “socially created notions of ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’” (Bystydzienski & Bird, 2006, p.2)? If you are interested in learning more about the theories being used and the research being done to answer these questions, then WGST 350: Gender, Science and Technology is the course for you. Welcome!

    In this course we investigate the emergence of modern consumer society in western Europe and North America. Gender is central to our explorations. Have men and women experienced consumer society differently? What are the relationships among femininity, masculinity, sexuality, and shopping? What have been the experiences of women in the beauty and fashion industries? How have consumers challenged the limits of capitalist commodity distribution? Why do many people living in western Europe, Canada, the United States, and several other countries now view consumption and citizenship as inextricably linked? Through this course’s readings, assignments, and final examination, we develop deep understandings of consumption’s gendered histories. We also develop advanced skills in critical thinking, scholarly writing, and historical research.

    WGST 363/HIST 363 introduces students to selected aspects of women's diverse experiences of western Canadian colonization and settlement.

    WGST 365/HIST 365 introduces you to major themes in Canadian women's and gender history.

    Feminism is one of the great social movements of modern times. Using the personal writings of some of its most famous proponents this course we will trace the history of feminist thought from the late 18th century through to the early 20th century.

    Women's and Gender Studies 401: Contemporary Feminist Theory offers an overview of feminist theories and women's movements in Canada and elsewhere in the world, and a critical discussion of varieties of feminism as they pertain to issues such as gender violence, reproduction, work, families, and sexuality.

    WGST 421: Advocacy from the Margins introduces you to the meaning, history, tools, group processes, and strategies associated with advocacy for women and other marginalized groups who face injustice around the world. The course stresses the importance of advocacy group processes as well as advocacy strategies and tools. It also encourages you to begin advocating with those who are on the margins and faced with injustice.

    Women’s and Gender Studies 421/Human Services 421: Advocacy from the Margins introduces you to the meaning, history, tools, group processes, and strategies associated with advocacy for women and other marginalized groups who face injustice around the world. The course stresses the importance of advocacy group processes as well as advocacy strategies and tools. It also encourages you to begin advocating with those who are on the margins and faced with injustice.

    The course examines the subject of violence against women from a human rights perspective. The extent, forms, and impact of violence against women are explored from national and global perspectives. The course looks at the impact that specific social, cultural, political, and economic factors have on women’s vulnerability to and experience of violence worldwide.

    This course looks at motherhood and mothering within the context of Western society. As you study the materials in this course, you will be encouraged to distinguish between ‘mothering’ as a construct that informs personal identity and ‘motherhood’ as a role determined and shaped by gendered, social, economic, and cultural structures.

    This course highlights the role of power in relationships and demonstrates the intertwined ways in which ethnicity, class, and other variables affect women’s lives and influence family therapy.

    The primary objective of this course is to provide you with the resources that will inform your knowledge and understanding about how women’s roles in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields have evolved over time, the major forces contributing to this evolution, and the consequences of women’s exclusion from STEM. This course draws on sociological, feminist, and historical theory, data, and interpretations to explore women’s roles in STEM and computing disciplines.

    Feminism is one of the great social movements of modern times. Using the personal writings of some of its most famous proponents this course we will trace the history of feminist thought from the late 18th century through to the early 20th century.

    This independent study course is designed through consultation between professor and student. It will include a significant component of advanced and more theoretical reading. A major written piece of work will generally be required; the form it will take is dependent upon the focus of the work. Students are responsible for obtaining access to all necessary materials.

    This three-credit course is designed to enable you to integrate the knowledge and skills you have gained through the coursework you completed in Athabasca University’s University Certificate in Counselling Women (UCCW) program.

    ANTH 275 focuses on the cross-cultural study of human diversity. Study topics include patterns of social organization, the family, economics, politics, religion, the arts, and language.

    HRMT 386/ORGB 386 is designed to provide an introduction to the theoretical and practical aspects of human resource management (HRM) in contemporary organizations.

    As a student registered in Human Services 306, you will self-assess your educational goals and prepare to implement a personal learning plan. The course asks you to look back at the post-secondary education you have already completed and to look forward to your completion of an undergraduate degree, academic credential, or other educational goals.